In Japanese, diacritical marks like the dakuten and handakuten are considered markers that indicate if a sound is vocalised or plosive, respectively.
Handaku-ten (“Half vocalised” = “Plosive”)
半濁点・はんだくてん
『○ ﾟ』は→ぱ、ひ→ぴ、ふ→ぷ、へ→ぺ、ほ→ぽ
ha→pa, hi→pi, fu→pu, he→pe, ho→po
Daku-ten (“Vocalised” = Hum while you say the sound)
濁点・だくてん
『○ ﾞ』
は→ば、ひ→び、ふ→ぶ、へ→べ、ほ→ぼ
ha→ba, hi→bi, fu→bu, he→be, ho→bo
か→が、き→ぎ、く→ぐ、け→げ、こ→ご
ka→ga, ki→gi, ku→gu, ke→ge, ko→go
た→だ、ち→ぢ、つ→づ、て→で、と→ど
ta→da, chi→ji, tsu→dzu, te→de, to→do
さ→ざ、し→じ、す→ず、せ→ぞ、そ→ぞ
sa→za, shi→ji, su→zu, se→ze, so→zo
Ya, Yu, and Yo are used to modify the syllables ending in い like “ki” and “shi” to become “kya” and “sha.”
『○ゃ』
き＋や→きゃ
ki+ya → kya
し＋や→しゃ
shi+ya → sha
ち＋や→ちゃ
chi+ya → cha
み＋や→みゃ
mi + ya → mya
に＋や→にゃ
ni + ya → nya
ひ＋や→ひゃ
hi + ya → hya
『○ ﾞゃ』
ぎゃ gya
びゃ bya
じゃ ja, jya
『○ゅ』
き＋ゆ→きゅ
ki+yu → kyu
し＋ゆ→ しゅ
shi+yu → shu
ち＋ゆ→ちゅ
chi+yu → chu
み＋ゆ→みゅ
mi + yu → myu
に＋ゆ→に
ni + yu → nyu
ひ＋ゆ→ひゅ
hi + yu → hyu
『○ ﾞゅ』
ぎゅ gyu
びゅ byu
じゅ ju, jyu
『○ょ』
き＋よ→きょ
ki+yo → kyo
し＋よ→じょ
shi+yo → sho
ち＋よ→ちょ
chi+yo → cho
み＋よ→みょ
mi + yo → myo
に＋よ→にょ
ni + yo → nyo
ひ＋よ→ひょ
hi + yo → hyo
『○ ﾞょ』
ぎょ gyo
びょ byo
じょ jo, jyo
『○ ﾟゃ』
ひゃ→ぴゃ
hya → pya
『○ ﾟゅ』
ひゅ→ぴゅ
hyu → pyu
『○ ﾟょ』
ひょ→ぴょ
hyo → pyo
そくおん
The glottal stop called Small tsu
『・っ・』
Small tsu っ is one rhythmic unit in Japanese and is considered a glottal stop when coming after a vowel 『・っ』
Small tsu っ is considered a consonant doubler or consonant extender when coming before a consonant 『っ・』
いらっしゃいませ roughly, “ear-ah-shy-ee-ma-se”
いらっしゃい
the small tsu before the “sha” 「っしゃ」 creates and invites extra timing for the “sha” to come in earlier and slightly longer than just one mora (one rhythmic unit).
So glottal stopper っ really has two functions, depending on what precedes or follows.
うぁっ！ Uatt! (sounds like “uah!” with a sudden halt in the throat). The small tsu is not pronounced, it just cuts/halts the voice of the vowel. For contrast,
「たった。」”Tatta” in this case doubles the second consonant “t sound” and expands the duration of this word slightly.
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